Vafiadis, James (2026) Order According to Law: Cassirer’s 'Determinism and Indeterminism' and the Architecture of Scientific Objectivity. [Preprint]
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Abstract
Ernst Cassirer's Determinism and Indeterminism in Modern Physics (DI; Cassirer, 1936/1956) constitutes a major but systematically overlooked transformation in the philosophy of quantum mechanics. Against interpretations that treat the text as a late application of his earlier structuralism, this article argues that quantum mechanics forces a fundamental reconstruction of causal order and scientific objectivity. Following the dissolution of Laplacean determinism, causality is no longer directed at ‘things’ in the world, but functions as a regulative demand that experience be rendered intelligible. Accordingly, causal order does not map to a pre-given reality but is progressively constituted from within experience through recursive processes of functional co-ordination (Zuordnung). This reconstruction culminates in a participatory account of objectivity organised through three mutually conditioning levels – measurements, laws, and principles. The upshot is that physical objects emerge as invariant nodes within relational structure; objects are fixed as objective relations. On this basis, the article shows that neither epistemic nor ontic structural realism adequately captures Cassirer's position and develops in response a provisional functional ontology in which a co-ordinating subject and an indeterminate relational domain jointly constitute the transcendental conditions of objectivity. The article concludes by situating DI within a broader participatory tradition in the foundations of physics, arguing that Cassirer's recursive and observer-dependent account of objectivity anticipates key developments in second-order cybernetics and participatory approaches to quantum mechanics.
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