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Borromean Rings: Chance and Complementarity, Homology and Archetype, Analogy and Prototype.

Stern, Julio (2026) Borromean Rings: Chance and Complementarity, Homology and Archetype, Analogy and Prototype. [Preprint]

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Abstract

In this article we develop the Borromean rings metaphor for the complex entanglement of three threads with complementary pairs of concepts, like Chance and Complementarity, Homology and Archetype, and Analogy and Prototype. The context of application of this concepts includes biological theories of evolution, the means and methods used for studying divergence and convergence processes leading to life forms most beautiful, and their organization in a tree of life of phylogenetic history. Moreover, we suggest innovative definitions for the concepts of Analogy and Prototype, and motivate their use for acquiring valuable quantitative information leading to powerful methods of analysis that, in turn, can be helpful for reaching correct and clear conclusions while avoiding logical traps and pitfalls. Furthermore, we explain how the concepts of Analogy and Prototype can support teleological or functional interpretations. Finally, we consider philosophical consequences of these discussions concerning the use and meaning of language, and indicate some topics for further research.


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Item Type: Preprint
Creators:
CreatorsEmailORCID
Stern, Juliojstern@ime.usp.br0000-0003-2720-3871
Keywords: Complementarity, Probability and inference, Discrete and convex sets, Homology, Archetype and structure, Analogy, Prototype and function, Tree of Life.
Subjects: General Issues > Scientific Metaphysics
Specific Sciences > Biology
Specific Sciences > Biology > Evolutionary Theory
Specific Sciences > Biology > Function/Teleology
Specific Sciences > Biology > Systematics
General Issues > Confirmation/Induction
General Issues > History of Philosophy of Science
General Issues > Laws of Nature
General Issues > Models and Idealization
Specific Sciences > Probability/Statistics
General Issues > Structure of Theories
Depositing User: Prof. Julio Michael Stern
Date Deposited: 05 Jun 2026 19:06
Last Modified: 05 Jun 2026 19:06
Item ID: 29922
Subjects: General Issues > Scientific Metaphysics
Specific Sciences > Biology
Specific Sciences > Biology > Evolutionary Theory
Specific Sciences > Biology > Function/Teleology
Specific Sciences > Biology > Systematics
General Issues > Confirmation/Induction
General Issues > History of Philosophy of Science
General Issues > Laws of Nature
General Issues > Models and Idealization
Specific Sciences > Probability/Statistics
General Issues > Structure of Theories
Date: 26 April 2026
URI: https://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/id/eprint/29922

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